Eliminating All Pollution Is Worse Than Bad free essay sample

Contamination has just become a worldwide issue, or been perceived as a worldwide issue over the most recent couple of years. The current inquiry, of killing all contamination can be more terrible than awful, warrants legitimacy as it would seriously diminish the way of life (and numerous other mechanical advances that make our life pleasurable) alongside the products and ventures gave by the polluters. It isn't practical to take out all contamination, nor is contamination simply an issue of modern social orders. The issue for business analysts is the manner by which to arrive at the ideal degree of contamination as there is mutilation meddling with the working of what is known as the ‘invisible hand’ (advertises consequently diverting personal responsibility toward socially alluring finishes). What must be talked about is the significance of government intercession and the thought of externalities brought about by contamination. Outside costs produce one sort of market disappointment and that showcase disappointment prompts wastefulness in the assignment of assets. We will compose a custom exposition test on Disposing of All Pollution Is Worse Than Bad or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Society needs to dirty at a sensible level. We ought not dirty past the assimilative limit of the assets except if we discover an innovation that will tidy up the contaminations. This can be incredibly costly; accordingly, society must dirty at an amount at which its all out advantages surpass its absolute expenses by the best sum conceivable. This happens at a level where the minimal advantage of an extra unit of contamination rises to its minor expense. Negligible advantage alludes to what in particular individuals are eager to provide up so as to get one more unit of a decent, while minor cost alludes to the estimation of what is provided up so as to deliver that extra unit. Extra units of a decent ought to be delivered as long as peripheral advantage surpasses negligible expense. In the above chart, we can see that where the peripheral social advantage (MSB) is equivalent to the minimal social cost (MSC) of natural quality, we have a proficient degree of contamination, Q*. This is the point after which the expense of an extra unit of contamination counteraction surpasses the advantages to society got from that extra unit of contamination anticipation. For all units of contamination anticipation from zero to Q*, the advantages got from a one-unit increment in ecological quality surpass the expenses. At the point when organizations (and people) who contaminate don't bear the full expenses of their contamination, their minimal private (cost of one more unit of natural quality) is lower than that of society. As the degree of contamination forestalled goes up (move directly in outline), the peripheral cost increments. This is on the grounds that disposing of little to medium measures of contamination might be moderately simple, yet complete end of contamination would cost impressively more. The minor advantages bend likewise diminishes at an expanding rate (moving to one side) demonstrating that a little contamination decrease will be felt less if nature is acceptable, as opposed to if the earth is poor. At the point when an organization contaminates, it produces what financial analysts call a negative externality. This implies society has been contrarily influenced by the polluter (e. g. wellbeing dangers or sore throats and so on). This implies because of the externality, the social expense of creating the great surpasses the private expense. The socially attractive amount of the great Qoptimum is along these lines littler than the harmony amount Qmarket. Without some kind of guideline, organizations won't consider all negligible social expenses and will create at a level that is harming to the earth. The contrast between these two bends mirrors the expense of contamination radiated. This can be shown in the graph beneath. To accomplish most extreme financial productivity, government mediation must exist. In an unregulated market, makers dont bear the expense of the contamination which implies they have no impetus to forestall it and the expenses are given to society. This implies makers have lower negligible expenses than they would somehow or another have and the gracefully bend is viably moved down (to one side). This outcomes in both a wastefully elevated level of creation and a wastefully low degree of contamination control. An answer for this wastefulness is immediate guideline whereby the administration tells the organization the amount it is permitted to contaminate. This is known as a contamination grant †the Government give out the lawful option to concede carbon to the air. Another arrangement is known as the order and control procedure †whereby itemized guideline of innovation leaves polluters minimal decision in how to accomplish the natural objectives. One other arrangement which apparently is the most proficient, is forcing outflow expenses referred to by financial experts as a Pigovian charge. Under an arrangement of Pigovian charges, the administration charges for the harm done by contaminating. By doing so it changes over the outside expense into an inner expense (disguises the externality). As per the article â€Å"Equilibrium Pollution and Economic Development in China† there is one such duty framework set up whereby it officially necessitates that an expense be paid by any endeavor whose emanating charge surpasses the lawful norm. This has been demonstrated in the article to be a compelling method of directing contamination. This usage of the duty can be appeared in the outline beneath. In the event that we consider this flexibly and request chart before Government mediation (red line), the market prompts balance cost and amount (P1, Q1) decided at the convergence of the gracefully (or MPC) and request bend. Executing such a duty causes a deadweight misfortune †the decrease in all out excess (d+g). Be that as it may, the stayed away from externality is equivalent to d+e+g, which implies the advantage of the ecological guideline is evident and the deadweight misfortune is disguised. So at the end of the day, the expense makes gracefully ascend accordingly the amount devoured will in general decline as the expenses are higher for the buyer. Yet, the cost got by the maker is lower than it was previously, as the duty is paid to the legislature. The natural expense is then common between the maker and the shopper of the great. The assessment of an Economist from the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research ought to be noted while talking about a Government strategy according to the natural results of contamination; â€Å"To many, the key issue of worry in the environmental change banter is that of making sure about a useful worldwide ecological understanding, as opposed to explicit worries over plan of a carbon charge.. † (Harry Clarke, 2011). As a result of organizations creating their item, contamination is produced into the climate which has become a worldwide issue. Pigovian charges try to address the worldwide expenses related with carbon outflows. They effectsly affect markets for products which use carbon-concentrated data sources and on business sectors for these information sources themselves, just as for substitute and reciprocal data sources. For whatever length of time that externalities exist and are not disguised by means of Pigovian charges, the outcome is wasteful. The wastefulness is wiped out by charging the polluter equivalent to the harm done by his contamination. In some genuine cases it might be hard to quantify the measure of the harm, at the same time, given that that issue can be tackled, utilizing Pigovian assessments to disguise externalities creates the effective result essential for all included. Killing all contamination would cause a serious misfortune in the way of life and be very expensive in the event that it were conceivable. Society needs to locate the right equalization of dirtying so as to have the minimal social cost equivalent the negligible social advantage to accomplish most extreme monetary effectiveness.

Cochlear implants and the debate within the deaf community. Arguing Research Paper

Cochlear inserts and the discussion inside the hard of hearing network. Contending that cochlear inserts have been valuable for the hard of hearing network - Research Paper Example The outside segments of the embed contains a receiver that will be worn behind the ear of the patient, connected to an attractive transmitter, which is joined to the earpiece and a sound processor. When the implantation is finished, an audiologist utilizes a PC to set the discourse processor for the patient. The audiologist sets the processor and projects it to the fitting degrees of sound-related incitement between sound got from condition and cerebrum nerve cells (Cochlear 1; Ouellette 1248). When the processor is set, the mouthpiece gets sounds from the earth and sends it to the discourse processor, which at that point performs calculation, and changes the sound to electrical codes and computerized position. The computerized codes are sent to the external ear part as coded signals bypassing the ear hairs. The attractive transformer behind the ear at that point takes these codes, changes them to cathodes exhibits, and interfaces them to the cochlea. At that point the inward gadget in the cochlea takes these clusters and invigorates the sound-related nerves strands that are associated with the cerebrum, whereby the exhibits are sent by the sound-related nerve of the individual to the mind for understanding (Cochlear 1). This paper tries to set up that cochlear inserts innovation is helpful to the hard of hearing network regardless of their restriction to the inserts during their initiation. So as to mitigate fears of the hard of hearing network there have been enhancements in cochlea inserts innovation after some time and consequently expanded pace of achievement to patients who have experienced the system. In a perfect world, the methodology is intended to be applied to babies brought into the world hard of hearing or the individuals who have created deafness in their initial days. This is on the grounds that intellectual improvement of a youngster into their faculties and condition happens between the ages of 0-3 years. Henceforth, if the methodology is embraced during this

Literary Analysis of Tell-Tale Heart

A Doll's House was a dubious play in its time on account of Ibsen's intense addressing of society's essential guidelines and standards. One of the most squeezing inquiries in the play is that of the inconsistent treatment of ladies. Ibsen questions Is it option to regard ladies as inferiors? ‘ Through the connection among Nora and Helmer, Ibsen presents inconsistent force partaking in a negative light, attempting to incite the crowd into addressing what was acknowledged as the standard in that period. One of the subtler methods utilized is Helmer's language and diction.He utilizes creature terms to allude to her, for example, skylark' and squirrel'. This proposes Helmer doesn't adore Nora as an equivalent, and treats her like a pet'. More regrettable, he calls her his ownership', as though she were a thing, not a person with her own different personality. This utilization of belittling, disparaging terms features the social standard of regarding ladies as sub-par, and incites t he crowd to scrutinize the legitimacy of that standard. Additionally, for the bigger piece of the play, Helmer is depicted as having the most influence in the relationship.He controls all the cash, and offers it to Nora as endowments. Nora's explanation that she has lived by playing out stunts' and by being pretty and enchanting, makes the crowd mindful of the belittling, dishonest parts of imbalance, and again questions the legitimacy of this social standard, which, tragically, has not been totally disintegrated even in present day society. In any case, the subject of imbalance between the genders is just piece of the significant inquiry Ibsen presents: Is it option to drive individuals into social jobs without giving them the opportunity to investigate what their identity is and what they need to be? Ibsen presents this inquiry by first portraying Nora and Helmer as reliable conventionalists to social jobs and afterward sensationalizing the negative impacts of those jobs with an e nd goal to incite crowds of that period to consider their profoundly imbued convictions. Nora appears to satisfy the job of a devoted spouse and mother. She doesn't work however remains at home and deals with her youngsters. Ibsen at that point uncovers that, right off the bat, she isn't generally satisfied, or self-realized, through this role.The job of spouse and mother doesn't draw out the entirety of her latent capacity. He shows this through Nora's affectionate memory about doing a touch of duplicating' to take care of her obligations: It was practically similar to taking care of business'. She finds the experience fun' and satisfying, and does it for a decent motivation. Nonetheless, she needs to work stealthily as her job doesn't permither to work. The crowd is demonstrated the negative impacts of binding people to cliché jobs. Ibsen in addressing, through Nora, regardless of whether it is on the right track to compel people to specific jobs in society.Moreover, Ibsen uncove rs that driving people into jobs due to sex may be a pointless activity as not every person is reasonable for their jobs. Nora, for example, in not a generally excellent mother. The house cleaners invest more energy than her with the youngsters (however it is conceivable this is likewise a social show), and she plays with them like dolls'. Helmer, as well, is a casualty of society's desires. He discloses to Nora that he cherishes her so much he wishes that she were in harm's way with the goal that he could chance everything' for her sake.He considers himself to be intense and solid, without a doubt some portion of his character he has gotten from social molding. In any case, when Nora is truly in peril from Krogstad's extorting, Helmer's response shows the crowd that he is a quitter and thinks about himself when there is risk. He can't satisfy the job expected of him. This breaks the ideal model spouse generalization, yet in addition drives the crowd to address whether it is all in all correct to power such unjustifiable desires onto people without giving them opportunity to develop by themselves.Finally, this leads us to the most significant inquiry Ibsen presents: Should people not be allowed to make their own personality, uninfluenced by society? ‘ We have seen the negative impacts of Nora being constrained into the job of spouse and mother. She feels stifled as can be seen through her remarks that she would basically love to state Damn' before Helmer (in that period, the word damn' was viewed as amazingly impolite and revolting). She appreciates working, however can't on the grounds that her job doesn't permit her to.The question introduced here is that would it not be better if society didn't decide jobs dependent on sexual orientation and let people choose without anyone else what they need to be? Ibsen uncovers a typical falling flat of society through Nora's memories of adolescence: her dad framed his feelings, and Nora simply acknowledged them, never voicing her own. Furthermore, when she wedded Helmer, she simply obtained his preferences'. She has gotten no opportunity of picking up of more experience of the world and to get familiar with herself. Each one of those years, she has been what her dad and spouse, images of society, need her to be.The previously mentioned question is introduced wonderfully in that last clash among Helmer and Nora. Helmer says that Nora's sacrosanct obligation' is to her better half and kids. Nora answers that above all else [she is] an individual', and goes out' to pick up understanding and information, and to discover progressively about herself. The play doesn't disclose to us her inevitable destiny. For example, finishing simply presents the crowd with questions in regards to the legitimacy of profoundly instilled social standards, jobs and qualities, and whether it would be better if people, as Nora, utilized their opportunity to locate their own specific manner in life.These questions wer e exceptionally important in the period in which A Doll's House was composed, are as yet critical at this point. Indeed, even in present day society, people are as yet expected to take on specific jobs and characters and are aggrieved for conflicting with social and social standards. What's more, on the grounds that these inquiries are introduced through the lives of customary people like us, whom we can relate to and whose circumstances are not all that not at all like our own, those inquiries become considerably increasingly huge to us and the issues we face in our every day lives.

The Stranger Abroad Ideology and Impotence in Our Sister Killjoy - Literature Essay Samples

Ama Ata Aidoo’s Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint follows a young Ghanian woman known as Sissie and her experiences in Europe.   As Aidoo’s story floats from reflections on Sissie’s sexually charged relationship with a Swiss woman to the emotional letter she pens as her plane hurdles back toward Africa, Our Sister Killjoy is a complex literary mosaic brimming with social commentary.   Yet while the lack of narrative cohesion and the disparate depictions of Sissie’s time abroad does not culminate in any dramatic resolution or simplistic final meaning, it is this inconclusiveness that powerfully exemplifies Our Sister Killjoy’s inability to extricate Sissie from the ideologies she so vehemently rails against.   Our Sister Killjoy is not only a condemnation of the cultural values and social structures the narrative explores, but it is also a damning depiction of an eloquent protagonist whose own impotence is ultimately r epresentative of the reader’s.Before delving into social issues that are firmly situated in a specific cultural moment, Our Sister Killjoy opens with an enigmatic collection of sentences spanning multiple pages.   Dramatically formatted with no discernible pattern, Aidoo writes: â€Å"Things are working out†¦ towards their dazzling conclusions†¦ †¦.so it is neither here nor there, what ticky-tackies we have saddled ourselves with, blocked our views, cluttered our brains† (Aidoo 3-5).   Ã‚  Here, Aidoo immediately establishes a relationship with the reader that is fundamental to understanding how the entire text functions.   Her usage of â€Å"we,† without any narrative detail to contextualize this language, establishes a link between the unidentified speaker and the individual consuming the text.   In this sense, â€Å"we† refers directly to the reader; it is not just the text’s characters who suffer from blocked brains and c luttered views, but the individual who turns these pages is also seemingly guilty of this distorted perspective.   It is also notable that Aidoo avoids language that would indicate any specific historical landscape; the line that refers to â€Å"ticky-tackies† can certainly be read as evoking the meaninglessness of contemporary Western materialism, but remains broad enough that the aforementioned interpretation could in no way be definitively argued.As the narrative evolves from its multivalent opening to establishing the specifics surrounding Aidoo’s protagonist as she departs from Ghana and lives abroad, Sissie’s experiences in Germany seem to function only as a literary groundwork for the destabilizing perceptions of Western culture that permeate the text.   A passage that is particularly illustrative of this takes place just before Marija, an acquaintance of Sissie’s, attempts an awkward sexual advance.  Ã‚   As Sissie searches for a way to remo ve herself from Marija’s home and return to her hostel, she becomes once again aware of her surroundings, â€Å"a world where the need to pay mortgages and go on holidays [keep] married chambers empty for strangers’ inspection† (62).   Here, the unnamed narrator mounts a powerful assault on the traditional conception of marriage; while the mention of mortgages could relegate this passage to a simplistic, albeit elegant, decrial of the challenges of financial necessity, the reference to â€Å"the need†¦ to go on holidays† is especially compelling.   In this formulation, Marija’s husband is rarely at home as he strives to afford the common sense notion of marriage, in which holidays are supposedly a necessity, to the point that it limits and undermines his actual marriage.   In other words, the ideology of marriage directly hinders the reality of marriage.   This selection is in no way unique in Our Sister Killjoy, rather it is noteworth y in that it is strong example of many similar asides throughout the narrative which focus on a diverse range of topics, spanning the emptiness of academic institutions to the endless complexities of post-colonial Africa.   Additionally, the reference to Sissie as a â€Å"stranger† is especially pertinent to this discussion; it is specifically this Otherness that enables her to identify the hypocrisies in the ideology of marriage.  While Sissie’s role as a stranger to Europe is integral to her ability to function outside of the ideologies Marija exists within, this unique position in no way frees Sissie from the values or institutions that inform her perception.   Louis Althusser, a Marxist critic whose influential essay â€Å"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses† has had a notable effect on modern literary criticism, argues that all individuals are subjects within and of ideology (Belsey 54).   Although specific ideologies may vary drastically dep ending on the cultural or historical context, every individual is always and already a subject (Belsey 54).   While this characterization of Althusser’s conception of ideology is quite simplistic, Althusser’s general theoretical framework is helpful to understanding Sissie’s complex social position; like Marija, Sissie is also immersed in a number of ideologies she herself cannot identify, yet since the narrative perspective remains focused on Sissie, the reader, much like Sissie, is limited to criticizing foreign and identifiable ideologies.   Although Aidoo’s effort to craft a protagonist who somehow transcends the ideology-subject dialectic is undoubtedly valiant (an overt example of this is the author’s constant play with the nature of Sissie’s name), she is ultimately unable to disentangle her character, and consequently the reader, from the omnipresence of ideology.While Sissie is also inextricably entangled in systems of thought m uch like the ones she criticizes, one would be hard-pressed to conclusively locate and identify these since the reader is also limited to these ideologies.   Although Aidoo presents perspectives that attempt to counter many common sense notions, notable examples of this being the value of education or the nobility of Western medicine, these arguments are also rooted in specific, albeit harder to name, ideologies.   Yet the overarching point remains: Sissie’s strangeness allows her to deconstruct ideologies she does not subscribe to, yet she is as much a subject as Marija or any other character in the text.   In this sense, Sissie’s only power is her ability to articulate and communicate the flaws in these notions.   Aidoo seems to implicitly acknowledge this in the final moments of the text, as Sissie rereads a letter that she has just finished composing.   Aidoo writes: â€Å"[Sissie] was never going to post the letter.   Once written, it was written†¦ There was no need to mail it.   It was not necessary† (Aidoo 133).   Within the context of this discussion, this small decision seems to reframe the entire text; Sissie is unable to enact any change in the reality she so desperately criticizes, since as she destabilizes prevalent Western ideologies she only perpetuates others.   Here, if meaning or purpose exists in Aidoo’s work, it only resides in the fleeting briefness of writing or describing.   If Aidoo’s protagonist were to send the letter, she would risk having her status as a subject and agent of other ideologies recognized and would undoubtedly â€Å"get caught up in a lot of metaphysical crap† (129).  When considered within the context of the narrative’s opening lines, Sissie’s inevitable hypocrisy also indicts the reader of Our Sister Killjoy.   Like Sissie, as the reader either passionately agrees with the text’s ever present social commentary or fervently arg ues against it, the reader is continuing to function within some system of ideologies.   And although these ideologies may differ dramatically, the reader and Sissie are still utterly unable to escape this framework.

Native American Assimilation Essay - 1782 Words

One of the most difficult issues that arises when two cultures collide is how to address the concept of assimilation. One of the questions that has been asked throughout our nation’s history is whether or not the Native Americans would do well to assimilate into the â€Å"American mainstream. Quite frankly, I don’t think we, as non-Native Americans, have the right to propose an answer to this question. The Native Americans themselves are only ones who should be able to decide the future of their people’s tradition and culture. They are human beings with the capacity to think logically and make their own decisions. At this point, our role as a nation is to be supportive of them, whether they choose to assimilate or not. It is our responsibility†¦show more content†¦As a nation we seem to expect everyone to assimilate into the â€Å"American Mainstream† by adopting our values, our politics, and our way of life. But assimilation is not a one-way str eet, and our culture is not done evolving. When two cultures meet, there should be a give and take from both sides - each one looking to learn something valuable from the other. No culture ever stops changing. We are constantly adopting new ideas and lifestyles. As travel is made easier and technology continues to connect the world, we are even more exposed to cultural input from other nations. It is incredibly ignorant to claim that any people group would be better off to abandon their own culture and adopt the culture of another nation, yet we have asked -- even forced -- Native Americans to do this for generations. Opening a discussion about assimilation reveals a double standard that has been present between native and non-native Americans throughout our nation’s history. From the day they stepped off the boat, white settlers expected Native Americans to change and conform, while they themselves refused to do any changing at all. Before the European settlers arrived in America, the native peoples were the â€Å"American Mainstream.† White settlers came into their home, disrupted and destroyed their way of life, disrespected their culture and religion, and then asked them to adopt a European lifestyle. We established a nation in a place whereShow MoreRelatedNative American Assimilation Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pages For almost as long as European settlers have interacted with the native peoples of the Americas, they have had a notion: what many call ‘assimilation’. To Europeans, assimilation of native peoples meant for their culture, which they believed to be superi or, to be accepted over time by the natives. And as they grew more and more European in language, religion, customs, organization, morals, and behavior, they would slowly shed off all of their old culture which the European culture would be replacingRead MoreNative American Cultural Assimilation Essay3830 Words   |  16 PagesNative American Cultural Assimilation from the Colonial Period to the Progressive October 2, 2011 Introduction Although the first European settlers in America could not have survived without their assistance, it was not long before the Native Americans were viewed as a problem population. They were an obstacle to the expansion plans of the colonial government and the same to the newly formed United States. The Native Americans were dealt with in various ways. During expansion someRead MoreNative Americans and Cultural Assimilation Essays1934 Words   |  8 PagesNative Americans have had a long history of resistance to the social and cultural assimilation into white culture. By employing various creative strategies, Native Americans have attempted to cope with the changes stemming from the European colonial movement into the Americas. There are fundamental differences in world views and cultural and social orders between Indians and Europeans, which contributed to conservatism in Native American cultures. In this paper, two aspects of such cultural and institutionalRead MoreAssimil ating to Fukuyamas Immigrants and Falmily Values Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages In the essay â€Å"Immigrants and Family Values†, the author Francis Fukuyama argued that immigrants, are not a threat for American family values, but rather American culture can become a threat for â€Å"newcomers†. On the other hand, Fukuyama expressed that as long as first generation immigrants want to keep their culture and language intact in school that will keep them from really assimilating the new culture. 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However, there is often times a dominating cultural structure that makes it difficult to attain peace among the diverse cultural groups of America. Sherman Alexie’s short story, Because my Father Always Said He Was the Only Indian Who Saw Jimi Hendrix Play ‘The Star-Spangled Banner’ at Woodstock, displays the difficulty of the Native AmericanRead MoreAmerican Indian Liberation : American Indians And The Boarding School Experience852 Words   |  4 Pageshad a curiosity in the Native American culture, yet my previous studies led me away from any cultural academics over the years. I am pleased that I am now delving into these resources after attending a pow wow on the White Earth Reservation to increase my understanding of the Native American culture. There are four books in particular that have sparked my curiosity: American Indian Liberation: A Theology of Sovereignty by George E. Tinker; Education for Extinction: American Indians and the BoardingRead MoreAlbert Kinsey Helped Change The American Public s Preconceptions On Sexuality935 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Question #2 Albert Kinsey helped change the American Public’s preconceptions on sexuality by publishing two bestselling books from 1947 to 1953 on the topic. Titled â€Å"American Sexual Behavior† and â€Å"Sexual Behavior in the Human Female†, these books both confirmed and challenged the generally held beliefs dealing with marriage, sexual gratification, and sexual orientation. Sex was deemed important for a healthy marriage, adultery was frequent and homosexuals weren’t weird anomalies. Hugh HefnerRead MoreNative Americans History1879 Words   |  7 PagesWhen asking a child, educated or not, what they ideas are when they hear the term Native American where does they mind venture to? More than likely do they not consider the former House of Representative, Charles D. Curtis or professor pitcher Joba Chamberlain. But they also do not think of a Native American as being an average person, a boy/girl like themselves. What children believe to be Native American are descriptions such as, feather headdresses, tomahawks, and long braided hair or scalpedRead MoreWesternization And Its Effects On Globalization And Westernization1134 Words   |  5 Pagesand culture. Various examples of this can be seen throughout history - assimilation of conquered lands into the Roman Empire, of native South Americans and Africans into Christianity and European culture during colonization, and the assimilation of Native Americans into the culture of the United States. Assimilation can al so create things, such as the religion of Vodun. However, this does not negate the fact that assimilation and its effects - globalization and westernization - are any less harmful

Environmental Pollution and Control †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Pollution and Control. Answer: Introduction With the progress of time, urbanization and development has resulted to be the root cause for environmental depletion. Any developing country tries to construct and develop by exploiting nature and eventually unacceptable consequences are foreseen (Alam et al. 2016). While focusing on Indonesia, it can be said that the environment is much affected by air pollution and the reasons are mostly because of human activities. Air pollution has not only impacted on human health, respiratory problems and lung diseases but also depleted the ozone layer by emitting excessive amount of green-house gasses (Yoo, Kim and Hadi 2014).This research will discuss the factors and challenges that Indonesia is facing related to air pollution and will finally highlight some suitable recommendations for reducing the same in future. Indonesia is developing and therefore there are plenty of infrastructure development projects, which are mostly emitting huge amount of carbon in the atmosphere resulting in more toxic chemicals through oxidization. Most of the projects are developed though burning dense forests in favor of getting empty land. However, this has led Indonesia to be the 6th largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Indonesia contributes 4.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Papargyropoulouet al. 2015). Some of the major challenges are listed below: Burden imposed to government from fuel subsidy 12% Carbon dioxide emission resulting from land transportation 90% air pollution occurring due to CO, HC, NOx, SOx, PM and O3 Challenges from Free Trade ASEAN Economic Community (2015), UNECA Regulation and ASEAN MRA (2012) With the effect of urbanization there has been accelerated population and housing demands, which resulted in clearing dense biologically forests. Deforestation in Indonesia is mostly done through open fire that resulted in emitting carbon. 80% of deforestation is done illegally by logging industries, which has ranked Indonesia to be the 3rd largest greenhouse gas emitter (Brunet al. 2015). Carbon reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere to emit carbon dioxide gases in excess to oxygen creating an imbalance of fresh air. On the other hand, carbon when reaches to the stratosphere, reacts with ozone to create hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and halons. Therefore, such coolants are being destroyed to allow ultraviolet rays to penetrate atmosphere resulting in skin diseases and cancer (Alesina, Gennaioli and Lovo 2014). Since there is excessive deforestation in Indonesia through forest fires, carbon has been the main cause for air pollution. Industrialization and Transportation Atmosphere of Indonesia is filled with harmful sulfuric acid. These are mostly emitted from transportation vehicles. Sulfur oxides released in the atmosphere precipitates through acid rains. This includes smog, fog and rain associated with particulate matters (Sari, Sulistyo and Utomo 2017). Soil, water bodies and trees are getting eroded due to acidification. There have been more than 16,000 premature deaths in Indonesia as recorded in 2012 just because of air pollution and toxic chemicals (Braueret al. 2015). On the other hand, due to industrialization from pulp and paper industries and logging industries hasled to fuel combustion for manufacturing releasing toxic sulfur and nitric acids in the atmosphere. The government of Indonesia can be considered as failure in resolving corruption and illegal activities. Conservation of land and environment protection could have been concrete if there would have been policies, rules and regulations (Aboodet al. 2015). Indonesia is extremely poor in limiting resource exploitation and natural resource consumption. Builders, promoters and syndicates are the most responsible for deforestation and soil erosion and illegal timbre logging business. However, the futile environmental policies from government have resulted in poor resource management. Emission of carbon has resulted in ozone layer depletion resulting to allow harmful ultraviolet rays to penetrate. These rays have created human skin diseases, cancer and premature deaths. Also, there has been huge amount of carbon in excessive to oxygen creating more carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Both of these gases along with sulfur and nitrogen affects the environment through acid rain, smog and fog (Nakazawaet al. 2016). On the other hand, Eutrophication has resulted from excessive nitrogen emitted from transport vehicles and industries, which continues to impact water bodies by killing fishes, plants and animal diversity. Eutrophication has also destroyed the marine ecosystem by ageing lakes and estuaries. Indonesian landforms are mostly affected due to acid rains associated with smog. Smog is the combination of fog and smoke containing particulate toxic chemicals. These chemicals react with buildings and sculptures to erode the surfaces. Such erosion destroys buildings due to which more resources are consumed for restructuring and redesigning. On the other hand, due to acid rain, the most impacted are plants and trees as the leaves are eroded due to acids. Once the surfaces of tree leaves are eroded, it impacts on photosynthesis and finally death occurs (Langmann 2014). This impacts on soil erosion, loss of plantation and finally raising the toxicity in bare land, which cannot be used for agriculture in future. Atmosphere of Indonesia is completely filled with methane, sulfur, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, carbon dioxide, Chlorofluorocarbons and other particulates. All these gases cumulatively have resulted to impact mortality. On the other hand, not so severe yet considerable challenges such as skin tan, Cardiovascular diseases and Lung diseases are quite prominent. Considering agriculture, toxic gases in atmosphere containing sulfur will react with fresh green vegetables to increase the amount to toxicity (Hayasakaet al. 2014). Once consumed, this will result in cancer and health deterioration in long term basis. Requirements for Overcoming Challenges The above discussion has highlighted that air pollution is mostly occurred in Indonesia due to forest fire. Therefore, deforestation has to be prevented in future completely and more plantation has to be done. The supplier commodity of agriculture must stop forest clearance immediately and any further peatland development has to be halted. Moratorium for peatland concession licensing has to be introduced (Alesina, Gennaioli and Lovo 2014). On the other hand, water management measures can be implemented through re-flooding critical areas, which will eventually reduce fire risks. Asia Pulp Paper has been found to be the only company for maximum forest burning and therefore, the government has to take measures for preventing their illegal activities. Taking initiatives such as planting trees in road sides, parks and house gardens will surely reduce air pollution and releasing more fresh air in the atmosphere. The transportation of Indonesia is mostly dependent on fuel based cars. Therefore, more fuel combustion releases more carbon in the atmosphere. Fuel based cars need to be replaced by battery operated sources and hybrid engines need to be put into action. Also, liquified gas can be used as fuel since less carbon is emitted. Such replacements will take huge time and budget but the government needs to be keen in supporting such activities (Bothet al. 2013). Electronic vehicles and hybrid engine replacement must be done within next 5 years and infrastructure development has to be done. However, immediately the old vehicles which emit the maximum carbon in atmosphere need to be replaced by new vehicles. Further use of Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and cleaner burning gasoline vehicles will help in reducing smoke and particulate matters. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will help in limiting the smoke emission and therefore less sulfur and carbon will be emitted (Dirgahayani 2013). Government Initiatives and Policies National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation (RAN-API) will act as the guidance for providing near-term priority adaptation by the decision makers. The action plan designed by regional provinces will need to be supported by the government and subsidy needs to be provided in terms of financing. On the other hand, the government needs to take action for policy adaptation from developed countries for limiting illegal deforestation. Rules, regulations, fines and penalties needs to be designed so that none of the entities are left or given privilege. Plantation, adaptation, rainwater canal, infrastructure development and transportation technology need to be taken care by government in future. Conclusion While summing, it can be said that Indonesia can reduce its air pollution if both the government and industrialists take a positive note in improving environment. The most important reason for air pollution has been found to be deforestation and therefore it needs to be reduced by joint initiatives taken by government and industrialists. On the other hand, transportation and urbanization has to be optimized through designing policies and limiting resource consumption. Alternative sources of resources must be utilized such as electric vehicles, hybrid fuel engines and hydrogen based cars. In future, Indonesia will surely be the country where there will be least air pollution. Reference List Abood, S.A., Lee, J.S.H., Burivalova, Z., Garcia?Ulloa, J. and Koh, L.P., 2015. Relative contributions of the logging, fiber, oil palm, and mining industries to forest loss in Indonesia.Conservation Letters,8(1), pp.58-67. Alam, M.M., Murad, M.W., Noman, A.H.M. and Ozturk, I., 2016. Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia.Ecological Indicators,70, pp.466-479. Alesina, A., Gennaioli, C. and Lovo, S., 2014.Public goods and ethnic diversity: Evidence from deforestation in Indonesia(No. w20504). National Bureau of Economic Research. Both, A.F., Westerdahl, D., Fruin, S., Haryanto, B. and Marshall, J.D., 2013. Exposure to carbon monoxide, fine particle mass, and ultrafine particle number in Jakarta, Indonesia: Effect of commute mode.Science of the Total Environment,443, pp.965-972. Brauer, M., Freedman, G., Frostad, J., Van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R.V., Dentener, F., Dingenen, R.V., Estep, K., Amini, H., Apte, J.S. and Balakrishnan, K., 2015. Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the global burden of disease 2013.Environmental science technology,50(1), pp.79-88. Brun, C., Cook, A.R., Lee, J.S.H., Wich, S.A., Koh, L.P. and Carrasco, L.R., 2015. Analysis of deforestation and protected area effectiveness in Indonesia: A comparison of Bayesian spatial models.Global environmental change,31, pp.285-295. Dirgahayani, P., 2013. Environmental co-benefits of public transportation improvement initiative: the case of Trans-Jogja bus system in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Journal of cleaner production,58, pp.74-81. Hayasaka, H., Noguchi, I., Putra, E.I., Yulianti, N. and Vadrevu, K., 2014. Peat-fire-related air pollution in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.Environmental Pollution,195, pp.257-266. Kim, Y., Knowles, S., Manley, J. and Radoias, V., 2017. Long-run health consequences of air pollution: Evidence from Indonesia's forest fires of 1997.Economics Human Biology,26, pp.186-198. Langmann, B., 2014. The impact of vegetation and peat fire emissions in Indonesia on air pollution and global climate.Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution,11(1), pp.3-11. Nakazawa, K., Nagafuchi, O., Kawakami, T., Inoue, T., Yokota, K., Serikawa, Y., Cyio, B. and Elvince, R., 2016. Human health risk assessment of mercury vapor around artisanal small-scale gold mining area, Palu city, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.Ecotoxicology and environmental safety,124, pp.155-162. Papargyropoulou, E., Colenbrander, S., Sudmant, A.H., Gouldson, A. and Tin, L.C., 2015. The economic case for low carbon waste management in rapidly growing cities in the developing world: The case of Palembang, Indonesia.Journal of environmental management,163, pp.11-19. Sari, K.E., Sulistyo, D.E. and Utomo, D.M., 2017, June. Reduction of CO2 emission from transportation activities in the area of PasarBesar in Malang City. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science(Vol. 70, No. 1, p. 012018). Yoo, G., Kim, A.R. and Hadi, S., 2014. A methodology to assess environmental vulnerability in a coastal city: application to Jakarta, Indonesia.Ocean coastal management,102, pp.169-177.

AP English Analysis Essay Examples

AP English Analysis Essay ExamplesThe syllabus of the AP English Language exam in 2020 was based on a Lang Analysis Essay. This language analysis essay is an example of a student's ability to use the written language and to reflect his or her intellectual and emotional feelings.The AP English Language exam covers a wide range of topics, including the history of English, its invention, changes in usage and grammar, and its usage by scholars and writers of all times. A number of students were shocked to learn that they had to rewrite their essay.In the college years, students have to study the English language very well, with emphasis on the theory of language and on writing. One of the things that they learn in college is how to write their own essays and how to read others' essays. This language analysis essay is just one part of writing that has to be studied.The reason for writing an essay is to learn the English language. Students know very well that writing in English is a skill that cannot be learned overnight. They also know that they have to be able to take criticism well. In order to write an effective essay, they have to learn how to read it and interpret it.Learning the English language should not only begin in college but continue throughout life. To master a skill, one has to keep on learning about it. A student can apply this idea to the whole of education. Because writing is so important, one cannot leave it up to chance, as has been done in past generations.The AP English Language exam was changed for the first time ever in 2020. Students need to be aware of the changes. There are AP English Language analysis essay samples and sample questions for the essay test.For instance, in the AP English Language exam in 2020, the syllabus included AP English and Writing Essay Sample, which were supposedly a test on writing in English. However, there were no proper explanations for the test questions that were on the AP English Writing Essay sample. In othe r words, students had to guess the questions, meaning that the whole syllabus was deceptive.Students need to learn English grammar in order to write the AP English grammar essay. The main purpose of AP English Writing Essay Sample is to assess writing skills and problem solving abilities.